Milled bone graft materials and methods of use

ABSTRACT

A bone material for hydration with a liquid is provided, the bone material comprising a coherent mass of milled and demineralized bone fibers, the coherent mass having no binder disposed in or on the coherent mass. In some embodiments, a bone material for hydration with a liquid is provided, the bone material comprising a coherent mass of cartridge milled, lyophilized and demineralized bone fibers, the coherent mass having no binder on the coherent mass. In some embodiments, a method of implanting a bone material is provided, the method comprising contacting the bone material with a liquid, the bone material comprising a coherent mass of cartridge milled, lyophilized and demineralized bone fibers, the coherent mass having no binder disposed in or on the coherent mass; molding the bone material into a shape to implant the bone material; and implanting the bone material at the target tissue site.

This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/079,916, filed Nov. 14, 2014, entitled“SHAPED BONE GRAFT MATERIALS AND METHODS OF USE”; U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/079,931, filed Nov. 14, 2014, entitled “MILLED BONEGRAFT MATERIALS AND METHODS OF USE”; and 62/079,939, filed Nov. 14,2014, entitled “BONE GRAFT MATERIALS, DEVICES AND METHODS OF USE”. Theseentire disclosures are hereby incorporated by reference into the presentdisclosure.

BACKGROUND

It is estimated that more than half a million bone grafting proceduresare performed in the United States annually with a cost over $2.5billion. These numbers are expected to double by 2020. Both natural boneand bone substitutes have been used as graft materials. Natural bone maybe autograft or allograft. Bone substitutes include natural or syntheticmaterials such as collagen, silicone, acrylics, calcium phosphate,calcium sulfate, or the like.

There are at least three ways in which a bone graft can help repair adefect. The first is osteogenesis, the formation of new bone within thegraft by the presence of bone-forming cells called osteoprogenitorcells. The second is osteoinduction, a process in which moleculescontained within the graft (e.g., bone morphogenic proteins and othergrowth factors) convert progenitor cells into bone-forming cells. Thethird is osteoconduction, a physical effect by which a matrix oftencontaining graft material acts as a scaffold on which bone and cells inthe recipient are able to form. The scaffolds promote the migration,proliferation and differentiation of bone cells for bone regeneration.

Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) has been shown to exhibit the ability toinduce and/or conduct the formation of bone. It is therefore desirableto implant and maintain demineralized bone matrix at a site which bonegrowth is desired.

Bone fiber based-demineralized bone matrices for implantation exhibitimprovements in mechanical properties, including cohesiveness, fiberlength, fiber diameter or width, fiber aspect ratio, or a combination ofmultiple variables.

Oftentimes, when DBM fibers are made they lack cohesiveness and tend tofall apart or become loose in the package or during processing. In orderto reduce this tendency, a binder (e.g., glycerol) is commonly added tokeep the DBM fibers together. The inclusion of a binder can lead toadditional manufacturing expenses and further complicate regulatoryapproval processes.

Therefore, there is a need for DBM compositions, devices and methodsthat allow osteogenesis, osteoinduction and/or osteoconduction. DBMcompositions, devices and methods that can be made from bone materialthat does not need a binder would be beneficial. Furthermore, DBMcompositions, devices and methods that easily allow hydration of thedemineralized bone matrix would be beneficial.

SUMMARY

DBM compositions, devices and methods are provided that allowosteogenesis, osteoinduction and/or osteoconduction. The DBMcompositions, devices and methods provided, in some embodiments, aremade from bone material that does not contain a binder. DBMcompositions, devices and methods that easily allow hydration of thedemineralized bone matrix are also provided.

In some embodiments, compositions and methods are provided for a bonematerial for hydration with a liquid, the bone material comprising acoherent mass of milled and demineralized bone fibers, the coherent massof demineralized fiber having no binder disposed in or on the coherentmass.

In some embodiments, compositions and methods are provided for a bonematerial for hydration with a liquid, the bone material comprising acoherent mass of cartridge milled, lyophilized and demineralized bonefibers, the coherent mass of demineralized fiber having no binderdisposed in or on the coherent mass.

In some embodiments, a method for implanting a bone material to a targettissue site is provided. The method comprises contacting the bonematerial with a liquid, the bone material comprising a coherent mass ofcartridge milled, lyophilized and demineralized bone fibers, thecoherent mass of demineralized fiber having no binder disposed in or onthe coherent mass; molding the bone material into a shape to implant thebone material; and implanting the bone material at the target tissuesite.

In some embodiments, a device for mixing a bone material with a liquidis provided. The device comprises a chamber having a proximal end and adistal end, and the bone material disposed within the chamber, the bonematerial comprising a coherent mass of milled and lyophilizeddemineralized bone fibers; and a plunger having at least a portionslidably disposed within the proximal end of the chamber and configuredto dispense the bone material mixed with liquid from the distal end ofthe chamber, when the plunger is in an extended position.

In some embodiments, a device for mixing a bone material with a liquidis provided. The device comprises a first chamber having a proximal endand a distal end, and the bone material disposed within the firstchamber, the bone material comprising a coherent mass of milled andlyophilized demineralized bone fibers; and a first plunger having atleast a portion slidably disposed within the proximal end of the firstchamber; a second chamber having a proximal end and a distal end, and aliquid disposed within the second chamber, the liquid configured tohydrate the coherent mass of milled and lyophilized demineralized bonefibers; and a second plunger having at least a portion slidably disposedwithin the proximal end of the second chamber; a connector fluidlycoupling the distal end of the first chamber to the distal end of thesecond chamber, wherein movement of the second plunger to an extendedposition causes liquid to flow to hydrate the coherent mass of milledand lyophilized demineralized bone fibers in the first chamber.

In some embodiments, a method for hydrating a bone material with aliquid is provided. The method comprises mixing the liquid with the bonematerial comprising a coherent mass of milled and lyophilizeddemineralized bone fibers in a device comprising a first chamber havinga proximal end and a distal end, and the bone material disposed withinthe first chamber; and a first plunger having at least a portionslidably disposed within the proximal end of the first chamber; a secondchamber having a proximal end and a distal end, and the liquid disposedwithin the second chamber, the liquid configured to hydrate the coherentmass of milled and lyophilized demineralized bone fibers; and a secondplunger having at least a portion slidably disposed within the proximalend of the second chamber; a connector fluidly coupling the distal endof the first chamber to the distal end of the second chamber, whereinmovement of the second plunger to an extended position causes liquid toflow to hydrate the coherent mass of milled and lyophilizeddemineralized bone fibers in the first chamber.

In some embodiments, compositions and methods are provided for a bonematerial comprising a coherent mass of cartridge milled anddemineralized bone fibers, the coherent mass of cartridge milled anddemineralized bone fibers having no binder disposed in or on thecoherent mass.

In some embodiments, compositions and methods are provided for a bonematerial comprising a coherent mass of cartridge milled anddemineralized bone fibers, the coherent mass of cartridge milled anddemineralized bone fibers having no binder disposed in or on thecoherent mass.

In some embodiments, a method of making an implantable bone material isprovided. The method comprises drying a coherent mass of cartridgemilled and demineralized bone fibers, the coherent mass of cartridgemilled and demineralized bone fibers having no binder disposed in or onthe coherent mass

Additional features and advantages of various embodiments will be setforth in part in the description that follows, and in part will beapparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of variousembodiments. The objectives and other advantages of various embodimentswill be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinationsparticularly pointed out in the description and appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In part, other aspects, features, benefits and advantages of theembodiments will be apparent with regard to the following description,appended claims and accompanying drawings where:

FIG. 1 depicts a mixing device for mixing a bone material with a liquid.The mixing device comprises a first syringe and a second syringe. Thefirst syringe comprises a bone material comprising a coherent mass ofmilled and lyophilized demineralized bone fibers. The second syringecomprises a liquid. The syringes are connected via a connector.

FIG. 2 depicts the mixing device of FIG. 1. Movement of the secondplunger to an retracted position causes a gas (e.g., air) to move fromthe bottom of the chamber to the top of the chamber near the plunger inthe second chamber containing the liquid, which causes a vacuum ornegative pressure to be generated in the first chamber that contains thecoherent mass of milled and lyophilized demineralized bone fibers.

FIG. 3 depicts the mixing device of FIG. 1. The movement of the secondplunger to an extended position causes a gas to move into the secondchamber and mix with the liquid and cause fluid to enter the connectorand into the first chamber by the vacuum or negative pressure generatedin the first chamber. This will hydrate the bone material in the firstchamber and form a moldable coherent mass of milled and lyophilizeddemineralized bone fibers.

FIG. 4 depicts another embodiment of the mixing device. The hydratedbone material is encased in the first chamber of the first syringe. Acap attached to an end of the chamber is removed and the hydrated bonematerial is ejected from the first chamber. The hydrated bone materialbecomes a moldable putty that can be injected into a surgical site.

FIG. 5 depicts mineralized fibers having increased surface area. Thefibers are milled from bone shafts using any appropriate apparatus, suchas a cartridge mill. The fibers are milled to include curled shapeshaving frayed portions and/or hooked portions to facilitate mechanicalinterlocking of the fibers.

FIG. 6 depicts a bone material comprising a coherent mass of milled andlyophilized demineralized bone fibers. Lyophilization of the fibersalters the curls of the fibers to facilitate mechanical interlocking ofthe fibers. The lyophilized fibers form a coherent mass without the useof a binding agent or a carrier.

FIG. 7 depicts the bone material in a cylindrical shape. After the bonefibers are milled, the fibers are demineralized and subsequently placedinto a mold or punch and lyophilized to form a coherent mass 84 in acylindrical shape having a hydration channel 86. The coherent mass 84may be hydrated by a liquid such as blood, water or saline.

FIG. 8 depicts the bone material in a disc shape unit. Similarly to thecoherent mass in FIG. 7, coherent mass 70 is formed afterdemineralization and then placing the fibers in a mold and thenlyophilization. Alternatively, the coherent mass can be punched orstamped into the desired shape and then lyophilized or lyophilized afterdemineralization and then punched or stamped into the desired shape. Thecoherent mass 70 is in a disc shape and includes a reservoir 72 tofacilitate hydration.

FIG. 9 depicts the bone material in a plug shape.

FIG. 10 depicts the bone material in a cube shape.

FIG. 11 depicts the bone material in a cylindrical shape havinghydration channels to facilitate hydration.

FIG. 12 depicts the bone material in a cylindrical shape. The bonematerial includes external hydration channels 58 to facilitatehydration.

FIG. 13 depicts the bone material in a cylindrical shape. The bonematerial includes a combination of external hydration channels 66 andinternal hydration channels 68 to facilitate hydration of coherent mass64.

FIG. 14 depicts another embodiment of a mixing device for mixing a bonematerial with a liquid. The mixing device comprises a first syringe anda second syringe. The first syringe comprises a bone material comprisinga coherent mass of milled and lyophilized demineralized bone fibers. Thesecond syringe comprises a liquid. The syringes are connected via aconnector.

FIG. 15 depicts the mixing device of FIG. 14. Movement of the secondplunger tip to an extended position, which is a closer distancelongitudinally to the connector, causes a gas (e.g., air) and liquid tomove from the bottom of the chamber to the top of the chamber andthrough the connector to the first syringe and first chamber to hydratethe coherent mass of milled and lyophilized demineralized bone fibers.For the additional volume, the plunger in the first chamber will move ina retracted position, farther in distance longitudinally from theconnector, so as to aid in the hydration of the lyophilizeddemineralized bone fibers.

FIG. 16 depicts the mixing device of FIG. 14. The movement of the secondplunger to an extended position, which is a closer distancelongitudinally to the connector, causes a gas to move into the secondchamber and mix with the liquid and cause fluid to enter the connectorand into the first chamber. This will hydrate the bone material in thefirst chamber and form a moldable coherent mass of milled andlyophilized demineralized bone fibers. In some embodiments, after thesecond plunger is moved, the first plunger can be moved in an extendedposition, which is a closer distance longitudinally to the connector,causing the mixed bone material, gas and liquid to move out of the firstchamber through the connector and into the second chamber and furthermix the bone material, liquid and gas to further hydrate the bonematerial. These steps can be repeated one or more times transferring thebone material, fluid and any air between first and second syringes andthe connector until the desired hydration of the bone material isachieved.

FIG. 17 depicts the first syringe of the mixing device of FIG. 14. Thefirst syringe is removed from the connector. The hydrated bone materialis encased in the first chamber of the first syringe. A cap attached toan end of the chamber is removed and the hydrated bone material isejected or extruded from the first chamber of the first syringe.Depending on the degree of hydration, the hydrated bone material becomesa moldable putty that can be injected or implanted into a surgical site.

FIG. 18A illustrates a perspective view of the connector that can engagethe first and second syringe.

FIG. 18B illustrates a cross-sectional view of the connector havingthreading that can engage the first and second syringe.

FIG. 18C illustrates a side perspective view of the connector havingchannels that can engage the first syringe.

FIG. 19A illustrates a perspective view of the connector that can engagethe first and second syringe.

FIG. 19B illustrates a cross-sectional view of the connector havingthreading that can engage the first and second syringe.

FIG. 19C illustrates a side perspective view of the connector having achannel and threading that can engage the first or second syringe.

FIG. 20A illustrates a cross-sectional view of the connector that canengage the first and second syringe. There is a channel shown configuredto engage the first and second syringes.

FIG. 20B illustrates a cross-sectional view of the connector havingthreading that can engage the first and second syringe.

FIG. 20C illustrates a side perspective view of the connector having achannel that can engage the first or second syringe.

It is to be understood that the figures are not drawn to scale. Further,the relation between objects in a figure may not be to scale, and may infact have a reverse relationship as to size. The figures are intended tobring understanding and clarity to the structure of each object shown,and thus, some features may be exaggerated in order to illustrate aspecific feature of a structure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of thedisclosure, reference will now be made to certain embodiments andspecific language will be used to describe the same. It willnevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of thedisclosure is thereby intended, such alterations and furthermodifications in the illustrated device, and such further applicationsof the principles of the disclosure as described herein beingcontemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to whichthe disclosure relates.

For the purposes of this specification and appended claims, unlessotherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients,percentages or proportions of materials, reaction conditions, and othernumerical values used in the specification and claims, are to beunderstood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.”Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parametersset forth in the following specification and attached claims areapproximations that may vary depending upon the desired propertiessought to be obtained by the present application. At the very least, andnot as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine ofequivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter shouldat least be construed in light of the number of reported significantdigits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forththe broad scope of the disclosure are approximations, the numericalrepresentations are as precise as possible. Any numerical value,however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting fromthe standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompassany and all subranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of “1 to10” includes any and all subranges between (and including) the minimumvalue of 1 and the maximum value of 10, that is, any and all subrangeshaving a minimum value of equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum valueof equal to or less than 10, e.g., 5.5 to 10.

Additionally, unless defined otherwise or apparent from context, alltechnical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings ascommonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which thisdisclosure belongs.

Unless explicitly stated or apparent from context, the following termsare phrases have the definitions provided below:

Definitions

It is noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims,the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the,” include plural referents unlessexpressly and unequivocally limited to one referent. Thus, for example,reference to “an allograft” includes one, two, three or more allografts.

The term “biodegradable” includes that all or parts of the carrierand/or implant will degrade over time by the action of enzymes, byhydrolytic action and/or by other similar mechanisms in the human body.In various embodiments, “biodegradable” includes that the carrier and/orimplant can break down or degrade within the body to non-toxiccomponents after or while a therapeutic agent has been or is beingreleased. By “bioerodible” it is meant that the carrier and/or implantwill erode or degrade over time due, at least in part, to contact withsubstances found in the surrounding tissue, fluids or by cellularaction.

The term “mammal” refers to organisms from the taxonomy class“mammalian,” including but not limited to humans, other primates such aschimpanzees, apes, orangutans and monkeys, rats, mice, cats, dogs, cows,horses, etc.

A “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” is such thatwhen administered, the drug (e.g., growth factor) results in alterationof the biological activity, such as, for example, promotion of bone,cartilage and/or other tissue (e.g., vascular tissue) growth, inhibitionof inflammation, reduction or alleviation of pain, improvement in thecondition through inhibition of an immunologic response, etc. The dosageadministered to a patient can be as single or multiple doses dependingupon a variety of factors, including the drug's administeredpharmacokinetic properties, the route of administration, patientconditions and characteristics (sex, age, body weight, health, size,etc.), extent of symptoms, concurrent treatments, frequency of treatmentand the effect desired. In some embodiments the implant is designed forimmediate release. In other embodiments the implant is designed forsustained release. In other embodiments, the implant comprises one ormore immediate release surfaces and one or more sustained releasesurfaces.

The terms “treating” and “treatment” when used in connection with adisease or condition refer to executing a protocol that may include abone repair procedure, where the bone implant and/or one or more drugsare administered to a patient (human, other normal or otherwise or othermammal), in an effort to alleviate signs or symptoms of the disease orcondition or immunological response. Alleviation can occur prior tosigns or symptoms of the disease or condition appearing, as well asafter their appearance. Thus, treating or treatment includes preventingor prevention of disease or undesirable condition. In addition,treating, treatment, preventing or prevention do not require completealleviation of signs or symptoms, does not require a cure, andspecifically includes protocols that have only a marginal effect on thepatient.

The term “bone,” as used herein, refers to bone that is cortical,cancellous or cortico-cancellous of autogenous, allogeneic, xenogeneic,or transgenic origin.

The term “allograft” refers to a graft of tissue obtained from a donorof the same species as, but with a different genetic make-up from, therecipient, as a tissue transplant between two humans.

The term “autologous” refers to being derived or transferred from thesame individual's body, such as for example an autologous bone marrowtransplant.

The term “osteoconductive,” as used herein, refers to the ability of anon-osteoinductive substance to serve as a suitable template orsubstance along which bone may grow.

The term “osteoinductive,” as used herein, refers to the quality ofbeing able to recruit cells from the host that have the potential tostimulate new bone formation. Any material that can induce the formationof ectopic bone in the soft tissue of an animal is consideredosteoinductive.

The term “osteoinduction” refers to the ability to stimulate theproliferation and differentiation of pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs). In endochondral bone formation, stem cells differentiate intochondroblasts and chondrocytes, laying down a cartilaginous ECM, whichsubsequently calcifies and is remodeled into lamellar bone. Inintramembranous bone formation, the stem cells differentiate directlyinto osteoblasts, which form bone through direct mechanisms.Osteoinduction can be stimulated by osteogenic growth factors, althoughsome ECM proteins can also drive progenitor cells toward the osteogenicphenotype.

The term “osteoconduction” refers to the ability to stimulate theattachment, migration, and distribution of vascular and osteogenic cellswithin the graft material. The physical characteristics that affect thegraft's osteoconductive activity include porosity, pore size, andthree-dimensional architecture. In addition, direct biochemicalinteractions between matrix proteins and cell surface receptors play amajor role in the host's response to the graft material.

The term “osteogenic” refers to the ability of a graft material toproduce bone independently. To have direct osteogenic activity, thegraft must contain cellular components that directly induce boneformation. For example, an allograft seeded with activated MSCs wouldhave the potential to induce bone formation directly, withoutrecruitment and activation of host MSC populations. Because manyosteoconductive allografts also have the ability to bind and deliverbioactive molecules, their osteoinductive potential will be greatlyenhanced.

The term “osteoimplant,” as used herein, refers to any bone-derivedimplant prepared in accordance with the embodiments of this disclosureand, therefore, is intended to include expressions such as bone membraneor bone graft.

The term “patient” refers to a biological system to which a treatmentcan be administered. A biological system can include, for example, anindividual cell, a set of cells (e.g., a cell culture), an organ, or atissue. Additionally, the term “patient” can refer to animals,including, without limitation, humans.

The term “demineralized,” as used herein, refers to any materialgenerated by removing mineral material from tissue, e.g., bone tissue.In certain embodiments, the demineralized compositions described hereininclude preparations containing less than 5%, 4%, 3%, 2% or 1% calciumby weight. Partially demineralized bone (e.g., preparations with greaterthan 5% calcium by weight but containing less than 100% of the originalstarting amount of calcium) is also considered within the scope of thedisclosure. In some embodiments, partially demineralized bone containspreparations with greater than 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%,45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% of the original starting amount of calcium. In some embodiments,demineralized bone has less than 95% of its original mineral content. Insome embodiments, demineralized bone has less than 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%,75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or5% of its original mineral content. Demineralized is intended toencompass such expressions as “substantially demineralized,” “partiallydemineralized,” and “fully demineralized.” In some embodiments, part orall of the surface of the bone can be demineralized. For example, partor all of the surface of the allograft can be demineralized to a depthof from about 100 to about 5000 microns, or about 150 microns to about1000 microns. In some embodiments, part or all of the surface of theallograft can be demineralized to a depth of from about 100, 150, 200,250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900,950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500,1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, 1950, 2000, 2050, 2100,2150, 2200, 2250, 2300, 2350, 2400, 2450, 2500, 2550, 2600, 2650, 2700,2750, 2800, 2850, 2900, 2950, 3000, 3050, 3100, 3150, 3200, 3250, 3300,3350, 3400, 3450, 3500, 3550, 3600, 3650, 3700, 3750, 3800, 3850, 3900,3950, 4000, 4050, 4100, 4150, 4200, 4250, 4300, 4350, 4400, 4450, 4500,4550, 4600, 4650, 4700, 4750, 4800, 4850, 4900, 4950 to about 5000microns. If desired, the outer surface of the intervertebral implant canbe masked with an acid resistant coating or otherwise treated toselectively demineralize unmasked portions of the outer surface of theintervertebral implant so that the surface demineralization is atdiscrete positions on the implant.

The term “demineralized bone matrix,” as used herein, refers to anymaterial generated by removing mineral material from bone tissue. Insome embodiments, the DBM compositions as used herein includepreparations containing less than 5%, 4%, 3%, 2% or 1% calcium byweight.

The term “superficially demineralized,” as used herein, refers tobone-derived elements possessing at least about 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95,96, 97, 98 or 99 weight percent of their original inorganic mineralcontent. The expression “partially demineralized” as used herein refersto bone-derived elements possessing from about 8 to about 90 weightpercent of their original inorganic mineral content. In someembodiments, partially demineralized refers to bone-derived elementspossessing from about 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32,34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68,70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88 to about 90 weight percent oftheir original inorganic mineral content. The expression “fullydemineralized” as used herein refers to bone containing less than 8%,7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% of its original mineral context.

The terms “pulverized bone”, “powdered bone” or “bone powder” as usedherein, refers to bone particles of a wide range of average particlesize ranging from relatively fine powders to coarse grains and evenlarger chips.

The allograft can comprise bone fibers. Fibers include bone elementswhose average length to average thickness ratio or aspect ratio of thefiber is from about 50:1 to about 1000:1. In overall appearance thefibrous bone elements can be described as elongated bone fibers,threads, narrow strips, or thin sheets. Often, where thin sheets areproduced, their edges tend to curl up toward each other. The fibrousbone elements can be substantially linear in appearance or they can becoiled to resemble springs. In some embodiments, the elongated bonefibers are of irregular shapes including, for example, linear,serpentine or curved shapes. The elongated bone fibers are preferablydemineralized, however, some of the original mineral content may beretained when desirable for a particular embodiment. The fibers when wetrelax because they are porous, as they dry, they become more entangledand form a coherent mass as the fibers interconnect. In someembodiments, even when the fibers are wet, they are still cohesive.

“Non-fibrous”, as used herein, refers to elements that have an averagewidth substantially smaller than the average thickness of the fibrousbone element or aspect ratio of less than from about 50:1 to about1000:1. For example, allograft bone fibers will have a fiber shape,while the non-fibrous material will not have a fiber shape but will havea shape such as, for example, triangular prism, sphere, cube, cylinder,square, triangle, particle, powder, and other regular or irregularshapes.

“Pressed bone fibers”, as used herein, refer to bone fibers formed byapplying pressure to bone stock. The bone utilized as the starting, orstock, material may range in size from relatively small pieces of boneto bone of such dimensions as to be recognizable as to its anatomicalorigin. The bone may be substantially fully demineralized, surfacedemineralized, partially demineralized, or nondemineralized. In general,the pieces or sections of whole bone stock can range from about 1 toabout 400 mm, from about 5 to about 100 mm, in median length, from about0.5 to about 20 mm, or from about 2 to about 10 mm, in median thicknessand from about 1 to about 20 mm, or from about 2 to about 10 mm, inmedian width. Forming bone fibers by pressing results in intact bonefibers of longer length than other methods of producing the elongatebone fibers retaining more of the native collagen structure. The bonefibers may be made via a cartridge mill.

“High porosity”, as used herein refers to having a pore structure thatis conducive to cell ingrowth, and the ability to promote cell adhesion,proliferation and differentiation.

“Resorbable”, as used herein, refers to a material that exhibitschemical dissolution when placed in a mammalian body.

“Bioactive agent” or “bioactive compound”, as used herein, refers to acompound or entity that alters, inhibits, activates, or otherwiseaffects biological or chemical events. For example, bioactive agents mayinclude, but are not limited to, osteogenic or chondrogenic proteins orpeptides, anti-AIDS substances, anti-cancer substances, antibiotics,immunosuppressants, anti-viral substances, enzyme inhibitors, hormones,neurotoxins, opioids, hypnotics, anti-histamines, lubricants,tranquilizers, anti-convulsants, muscle relaxants and anti-Parkinsonsubstances, anti-spasmodics and muscle contractants including channelblockers, miotics and anti-cholinergics, anti-glaucoma compounds,anti-parasite and/or anti-protozoal compounds, modulators ofcell-extracellular matrix interactions including cell growth inhibitorsand antiadhesion molecules, vasodilating agents, inhibitors of DNA, RNAor protein synthesis, anti-hypertensives, analgesics, anti-pyretics,steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, anti-angiogenicfactors, angiogenic factors, anti-secretory factors, anticoagulantsand/or antithrombotic agents, local anesthetics, ophthalmics,prostaglandins, anti-depressants, anti-psychotic substances,anti-emetics, and imaging agents. In certain embodiments, the bioactiveagent is a drug. In some embodiments, the bioactive agent is a growthfactor, cytokine, extracellular matrix molecule or a fragment orderivative thereof, for example, a cell attachment sequence such as RGD.

“Coherent mass”, as used herein, refers to a plurality of bone fibers,in some embodiments, bound to one another by mechanical interlockingproperties of the fibers. The cohesive mass may be in a variety ofshapes and sizes, and is implantable into a surgical location. Thecohesive mass comprises at least two curled or partially curled bonefibers that entangle with one another to maintain a connection withoutthe use of a binding agent or carrier. In some embodiments, the fiberswhen wet relax because they are porous, as they dry, they become moreentangled and form a coherent mass as the fibers interconnect.

Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments of thedisclosure. The disclosure is intended to cover all alternatives,modifications, and equivalents that may be included within thedisclosure as defined by the appended claims.

The headings below are not meant to limit the disclosure in any way;embodiments under any one heading may be used in conjunction withembodiments under any other heading.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made to various embodimentsdescribed herein without departing from the spirit or scope of theteachings herein. Thus, it is intended that various embodiments coverother modifications and variations of various embodiments within thescope of the present teachings.

Bone Material

DBM compositions and methods that allow osteogenesis, osteoinductionand/or osteoconduction are provided. DBM compositions, devices andmethods are provided that allow osteogenesis, osteoinduction and/orosteoconduction. The DBM compositions, devices and methods provided, insome embodiments, are made from bone material that does not contain abinder. DBM compositions, devices and methods that easily allowhydration of the demineralized bone matrix are also provided.

Compositions and methods are provided for a bone material for hydrationwith a liquid, the bone material comprising a coherent mass of milledand demineralized bone fibers, the coherent mass of demineralized fiberhaving no binder disposed in or on the coherent mass. In someembodiments, the bone material is lyophilized. In some embodiments, thedemineralized bone fibers are cartridge milled and have a ribbon-likeshape and increased surface area. In some embodiments, the coherent massof milled and lyophilized demineralized bone fibers are cartridge milledfibers having a ribbon-like shape, increased surface area and a curledportion. In some embodiments, the coherent mass of milled andlyophilized demineralized bone fibers comprises autograft or allograftbone. In some embodiments, the bone fibers have a diameter from about100 μm to about 2 mm. In some embodiments, the bone fibers have a lengthfrom about 0.5 mm to about 50 mm. In some embodiments, the bone fibershave an average length from about 0.5 cm to about 10 cm. In someembodiments, the fibers have an aspect ratio of from about 50:1 to about1000:1, from about 50:1 to about 950:1, from about 50:1 to about 750:1,from about 50:1 to about 500:1, from about 50:1 to about 250:1, fromabout 50:1 to about 100:1, from about 10:1 to about 50:1, or from about5:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiments, the liquid for hydration of thefibers comprises blood, water, saline or a combination thereof. In someembodiments, the liquid for hydration of the fibers is mixed with thecoherent mass of milled and demineralized bone fibers that arelyophilized without a binder to form moldable lyophilized demineralizedbone fiber.

In some embodiments, the bone fibers have a ribbon like shape and haveincreased surface area by from about 10.0, 10.5, 11.0, 11.5, 12.0, 12.5,13.0, 13.5, 14.0, 14.5, 15.0, 15.5, 16.0, 16.5, 17.0, 17.5, 18.0, 18.5,19.0, 19.5, 20.0, 20.5, 21.0, 21.5, 22.0, 22.5, 23.0, 23.5, 24.0, 24.5,25.0, 25.5, 26.0, 26.5, 27.0, 27.5, 28.0, 28.5, 29.0, 29.5, 30.0, 30.5,31.0, 31.5, 32.0, 32.5, 33.0, 33.5, 34.0, 34.5, 35.0, 35.5, 36.0, 36.5,37.0, 37.5, 38.0, 38.5, 39.0, 39.5, 40.0, 40.5, 41.0, 41.5, 42.0, 42.5,43.0, 43.5, 44.0, 44.5, 45.0, 45.5, 46.0, 46.5, 47.0, 47.5, 48.0, 48.5,49.0, 49.5, 50.0, 55.0, 60.0, 65.0, 70.0, 75.0, 80.0, 85.0, 90.0, 95.0,to about 100.0% when compared to bone chips, or powders.

In some embodiments, a device for mixing a bone material with a liquidis provided. The device comprises a chamber having a proximal end and adistal end, and the bone material disposed within the chamber, the bonematerial comprising a coherent mass of milled and lyophilizeddemineralized bone fibers; and a plunger having at least a portionslidably disposed within the proximal end of the chamber and configuredto dispense the bone material mixed with liquid from the distal end ofthe chamber, when the plunger is in an extended position. In someembodiments, the chamber comprises a syringe barrel. In someembodiments, the coherent mass of milled and lyophilized demineralizedbone fibers does not contain a binder. In some embodiments, the coherentmass of milled and lyophilized demineralized bone fibers comprisescartridge milled fibers having a curled portion. In some embodiments,the coherent mass of milled and lyophilized demineralized bone fiberscomprises autograft or allograft bone. In some embodiments, the bonefibers have a diameter from about 100 μm to about 2 mm. In someembodiments, the bone fibers have a length from about 0.5 mm to about 50mm. In some embodiments, the bone fibers have an average length fromabout 0.5 cm to about 10 cm. In some embodiments, the fibers have anaspect ratio of from about 50:1 to about 1000:1, from about 50:1 toabout 950:1, from about 50:1 to about 750:1, from about 50:1 to about500:1, from about 50:1 to about 250:1, from about 50:1 to about 100:1,from about 10:1 to about 50:1, or from about 5:1 to about 10:1. In someembodiments, the liquid for hydration of the fibers comprises blood,water, saline or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the liquidis mixed lyophilized demineralized bone fibers to form moldablelyophilized demineralized bone fiber. In some embodiments, the liquid ismixed with the lyophilized demineralized bone fibers using negativepressure created in the chamber by the plunger. In some embodiments, thedistal end of the chamber comprises a removable cap.

In some embodiments, a method for hydrating a bone material with aliquid is provided. The method comprises mixing the liquid with the bonematerial comprising a coherent mass of milled and lyophilizeddemineralized bone fibers in a device comprising a first chamber havinga proximal end and a distal end, and the bone material disposed withinthe first chamber; and a first plunger having at least a portionslidably disposed within the proximal end of the first chamber; a secondchamber having a proximal end and a distal end, and the liquid disposedwithin the second chamber, the liquid configured to hydrate the coherentmass of milled and lyophilized demineralized bone fibers; and a secondplunger having at least a portion slidably disposed within the proximalend of the second chamber; a connector fluidly coupling the distal endof the first chamber to the distal end of the second chamber, whereinmovement of the second plunger to an extended position causes liquid toflow to hydrate the coherent mass of milled and lyophilizeddemineralized bone fibers in the first chamber.

Compositions and methods are provided for a bone material comprising acoherent mass of cartridge milled and demineralized bone fibers, thecoherent mass of cartridge milled and demineralized bone fibers havingno binder disposed in or on the coherent mass. In some embodiments, thebone material comprises cortical bone, cancellous bone,cortico-cancellous bone, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, thebone material is obtained from autogenous bone, allogeneic bone,xenogeneic bone, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the coherentmass is lyophilized and shaped. In some embodiments, the shape of thelyophilized coherent mass is cube, square, triangle, rectangular,circular, disc or cylinder shape. In some embodiments, the shape of thelyophilized coherent mass is disc shaped and the disc has a reservoirconfigured to contact a liquid. In some embodiments, the shape of thelyophilized coherent mass is cylinder shaped. In some embodiments, thecoherent mass has a plurality of channels running longitudinally throughthe center of the cylinder shaped bone material to allow fluid tohydrate the bone material. In some embodiments, the coherent mass has aplurality of channels running longitudinally through the exterior of thecylinder shaped bone material to allow fluid to hydrate the bonematerial. In some embodiments, the cylinder shaped bone material furthercomprises a plurality of channels running longitudinally through anexterior of the bone material to allow fluid to hydrate the bonematerial.

Compositions and methods are provided for an implantable bone graftcomprising fibers obtained from allograft bone, the fibers comprisinghooking portions configured to interlock with one another to form acoherent mass, wherein the composition does not include a binding agent.

Typically, when bone is processed into particles or fibers, it isstatically charged and not coherent or adherent. The processed bone isnormally contained within an external structure (i.e., a bag orcovering) or mixed with a carrier or binding agent to provide a cohesivestructure. When implanted, this external structure or carrier must beremoved by the patient's body, potentially impacting the osteoinductivepotential of the graft.

In some embodiments, a cohesive mass of bone fibers without additionalcarrier contains bone processed in such a way that it provides forcohesion between fibers without additional containment or binding agentsis provided. Bone shafts are milled to create curled bone fibers whichare subsequently demineralized and freeze-dried. The fiber shape isaltered during the drying process, which leads to physical entanglementand surface to surface interactions between adjacent fibers. Theentanglement/interaction of the fibers is responsible for thecohesiveness of the final product. Thus, the present disclosure providesfor a fibrous bone material having a size and shape that provides forincreased surface area and the ability to mechanically interlock withone another to form an implantable coherent mass.

The compositions of the present disclosure results are utilized in aneffective bone grafting product. The bone graft material isresorbed/remodeled and replaced by host bone during the healing process.In some embodiments, the bone material disclosed herein includesadditional additives, such as synthetic ceramics and/or bioerodiblepolymers, which produce high concentrations of calcium, phosphate andsilicon ions that act as a nidus for de-novo bone formation, asdiscussed herein. As the bioerodible polymer degrades faster than theceramic, more and more osteoinductive DBM particles are exposed. Theslower resorbing ceramic may act as a solid surface for stem cells andosteoblasts to attach to and begin laying down new bone.

The coherent mass of the disclosure has good flexibility and iscompression resistant. It is also osteoinductive with the demineralizedbone matrix retaining activity. These properties make an excellent bonegraft substitute in that it may not break, crack, or deform whenimplanted in the body.

The implantable composition may be a combination of fibers of bonematrix from allograft bone and fibers of non-allograft bone material.The fibers of the non-allograft bone material comprise non-fibrousdemineralized bone matrix particles embedded within or dispersed on thefibers of the non-allograft bone material. The ratio of fibers ofdemineralized bone matrix from allograft material to fibers ofnon-allograft material ranges from about 20:80 to about 70:30. In oneembodiment, the ratio of fibers from allograft material to fibers ofnon-allograft material ranges from about 40:60 to about 60:40. In oneembodiment, the ratio of fibers of demineralized bone matrix fromallograft material to fibers of non-allograft material is about 50:50.

In some embodiments, the demineralized bone material includes particlesthat are non-fibrous. In some embodiments, the particles are powders,microspheres, sponges, pastes, gels, and/or granules. In one embodiment,the particles are powders.

In some embodiments, the demineralized bone material fibers comprisefrom about 1 to about 70 micrometers or from about 125 to about 250micrometers. In some embodiments, the demineralized bone material fiberscomprise about 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28,30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64,66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100,102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128,130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156,158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184,186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212,214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240,242, 244, 246, 248 and/or 250 micrometers. In some embodiments, the bonefibers include a length from about 100 micrometers to about 2 mm. Insome embodiments, the bone fibers have a length from about 0.5 cm toabout 10 cm, about 1 cm to about 8 cm, about 3 cm to about 5 cm, about0.5 mm to about 50 mm, about 1.0 mm to about 25 mm, or about 5 mm toabout 10 mm. The fibers include a diameter of about 100 micrometers toabout 2 mm.

The fibers are milled in such a way as to provide increased surface areain a compact shape and size. In some embodiments, the fibers include acurled shape such that diameter of the curled fibers is between about 50micrometers and about 3 mm, and the diameter of the fibers in aflattened configuration is about 125 micrometers to about 5 mm. In someembodiments, the fibers include a curled shape such that diameter of thecurled fibers is between about 100 micrometers and about 1 mm, and thediameter of the fibers in a flattened configuration is about 250micrometers to about 2 mm.

In various embodiments, the fibers have an aspect ratio of length towidth from about 50:1 to about 1000:1, from about 50:1 to about 950:1,from about 50:1 to about 750:1, from about 50:1 to about 500:1, fromabout 50:1 to about 250:1, from about 50:1 to about 100:1, from about10:1 to about 50:1, or from about 5:1 to about 10:1. In otherembodiments, the fibers have an aspect ratio of length to width of about4:1, 17:1, or 23:1.

The composition has very low immunogenicity and good compatibility tofill a bone void.

DBM fibers for use in the present disclosure can be obtainedcommercially or can be prepared by known techniques. In general,advantageous, osteoinductive DBM materials can be prepared bydecalcification of cortical and/or cancellous bone fibers, often by acidextraction. The fibers can be milled for example cartridge milled. Theacid extraction process can be conducted so as to leave collagen,noncollagenous proteins, and growth factors together in a solid fiber.Methods for preparing bioactive demineralized bone are described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,073,373; 5,484,601; and 5,284,655, as examples. DBM productsare also available commercially, including for instance, from sourcessuch as Regeneration Technologies, Inc. (Alachua, Fla.), The AmericanRed Cross (Arlington, Va.), and others. Bone fibers that are solelyosteoconductive can be prepared using similar techniques that have beenmodified or supplemented to remove or inactivate (e.g. by crosslinkingor otherwise denaturing) components in the bone matrix responsible forosteoinductivity. Osteoinductive and/or osteoconductive DBM materialsused in the present disclosure can be derived from human donor tissue,especially in regard to implant devices intended for use in humansubjects.

In regard to the fiber content of the coherent mass on a dry weightbasis, the bone fiber material can constitute about 5% to about 100% ofthe compositions, about 20% to about 80%, or about 25% to about 75% byweight.

In some embodiments, the bone fibers of allograft bone have an averagelength to average thickness ratio or aspect ratio of the fibers fromabout 50:1 to about 1000:1. In overall appearance the bone fibers can bein the form of ribbons, threads, narrow strips, and/or thin sheets. Theelongated bone fibers can be substantially linear in appearance or theycan be coiled to resemble springs. In some embodiments, the bone fibershave linear portions and coiled portions. In some embodiments, the bonefibers are of irregular shapes including, for example, linear,serpentine and/or curved shapes. In some embodiments, the fibers can becurled at the edges to have a substantially hemicircular cross-sections.In some embodiments, the fibers may be entirely or partially helical,circumvoluted or in the shape of a corkscrew. The elongated bone fiberscan be demineralized however some of the original mineral content may beretained when desirable for a particular embodiment. The bone graftfiber may further comprise mineralized bone material.

The bone fibers are elongated and curled to increase the surface area ofthe strips. The curled fibers may include frayed portions along theedges to facilitate interactions with other bone fibers. In someembodiments, the curled fibers are milled to have hooked portions alongthe edges of the fibers configured to engage with other fibers. Suchfrayed and hooked portions are illustrated, for example, in FIGS. 5 and6. The hooked portions may engage other hooked portions, frayedportions, straightened portions or curled portions of other fibers. Thehooked and frayed portions and the curled shape of the fibers providefor entanglement between fibers such that the fibers form a coherentmass without the need for a carrier or binding agent. For example, FIG.5 illustrates bone fibers 74 produced from a cartridge mill. FIG. 6illustrates a coherent mass of demineralized bone after it has beendemineralized and contaminants remove by alcohol soaking, the wet fibersrelax and entangle further after drying.

The bone fiber sizes and shapes may be created in a number of ways, forexample, through cartridge milling. One such example of a suitablecartridge mill is the Osteobiologic Milling Machine, as described inU.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0160945, assigned to Warsaw Orthopedic,Inc. and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. However,it is contemplated that the bone fibers may be alternatively milledusing vices, cutters, rollers, rotating rasps or reciprocating blademills.

Non-Bone Material Additives

In some embodiments, the bone material may be combined with non-bonematerial additives after demineralization and/or lyophilization andbefore implantation. For example, the bone material may be combined witha bioerodible polymer. The bioerodible polymer exhibits dissolution whenplaced in a mammalian body and may be hydrophilic (e.g., collagen,hyaluronic acid, polyethylene glycol). Synthetic polymers are suitableaccording to the present disclosure, as they are biocompatible andavailable in a range of copolymer ratios to control their degradation.

In some embodiments, hydrophobic polymers (e.g.poly(lactide-co-glycolyde), polyanhydrides) may be used. Alternatively,a combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers may be used in thebone graft composition of the disclosure.

Exemplary materials may include biopolymers and synthetic polymers suchas human skin, human hair, bone, collagen, fat, thin cross-linked sheetscontaining fibers and/or fibers and chips, polyethylene glycol (PEG),chitosan, alginate sheets, cellulose sheets, hyaluronic acid sheet, aswell as copolymer blends of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) PLGA.

In some embodiments, the particles disclosed herein can also includeother biocompatible and bioresorbable substances. These materials mayinclude, for example, natural polymers such as proteins andpolypeptides, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, elastin, hyaluronicacid, dermatan sulfate, gelatin, or mixtures or composites thereof.Synthetic polymers may also be incorporated into the bone graftcomposites. These include, for example biodegradable synthetic polymerssuch as polylactic acid, polyglycolide, polylactic polyglycolic acidcopolymers (“PLGA”), polycaprolactone (“PCL”), poly(dioxanone),poly(trimethylene carbonate) copolymers, polyglyconate, poly(propylenefumarate), poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate),polyethylene glycol, polycaprolactone copolymers, polyhydroxybutyrate,polyhydroxyvalerate, tyrosine-derived polycarbonates and any random or(multi-)block copolymers, such as bipolymer, terpolymer, quaterpolymer,etc., that can be polymerized from the monomers related topreviously-listed homo- and copolymers.

The bioerodible polymer may have a molecular weight of from about 1,000to about 30,000 Daltons (Da). In various embodiments, the polymer mayhave a molecular weight of from about 2,000 to about 10,000 Da. In someembodiments, the polymer may have a molecular weight of from about 2,000to 4,000 Da or from about 3,000 to 4,000 Da. In some embodiments, thebioerodible polymer may have a molecular weight of 1,000, 2,000, 3,000,4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, 10,000, 11,000, 12,000,13,000, 14,000, 15,000, 16,000, 17,000, 18,000, 19,000, 20,000, 21,000,22,000, 23,000, 24,000, 25,000, 26,000, 27,000, 28,000, 29,000 or about30,000 Da.

In some embodiments, the bioerodible polymer is collagen. Collagen hasexcellent histocompatibility without antibody formation or graftrejection. Any suitable collagen material may be used, including knowncollagen materials, or collagen materials as disclosed in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/030,181, filed Feb. 12, 2008, herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety. Various collagen materialscan be used, alone or in combination with other materials.

Insoluble collagen material for use in the disclosure can be derivedfrom natural tissue sources, (e.g. xenogeneic, allogeneic, or autogenicrelative to the recipient human or other patient) or recombinantlyprepared. Collagens can be subclassified into several different typesdepending upon their amino acid sequence, carbohydrate content and thepresence or absence of disulfide crosslinks. Types I and III collagenare two of the most common subtypes of collagen and may be used in thepresent disclosure. Type I collagen is present in skin, tendon and bone,whereas Type III collagen is found primarily in skin. The collagen usedin compositions of the disclosure can be obtained from skin, bone,tendon, or cartilage and purified by methods well known in the art andindustry. Alternatively, the collagen can be purchased from commercialsources.

The collagen can be atelopeptide collagen and/or telopeptide collagen.Still further, either or both of non-fibrillar and fibrillar collagencan be used. Non-fibrillar collagen is collagen that has beensolubilized and has not been reconstituted into its native fibrillarform.

Suitable collagen products are available commercially, including forexample from Kensey Nash Corporation (Exton, Pa.), which manufactures afibrous collagen known as Semed F, from bovine hides. Collagen materialsderived from bovine hide are also manufactured by Integra Life ScienceHolding Corporation (Plainsboro, N.J.). Naturally-derived or recombinanthuman collagen materials are also suitable for use in the disclosure.Illustratively, recombinant human collagen products are available fromFibrogen, Inc. (San Francisco, Calif.).

In some embodiments, the fibers can be combined with synthetic ceramicsthat are effective to provide a scaffold for bone growth and which arecompletely bioresorbable and biocompatible. The synthetic ceramicsshould provide high local concentrations of calcium, phosphate andsilicon ions that act as a nidus for de-novo bone formation. The use ofsuch a resorbable ceramics provides many advantages over alternativeconventional materials. For instance, it eliminates the need forpost-therapy surgery for removal and degrades in the human body tobiocompatible, bioresorbable products.

In some embodiments, the synthetic ceramics disclosed herein may beselected from one or more materials comprising calcium phosphateceramics or silicon ceramics. Biological glasses such ascalcium-silicate-based bioglass, silicon calcium phosphate, tricalciumphosphate (TCP), biphasic calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate,hydroxyapatite, coralline hydroxyapatite, silicon carbide, siliconnitride (Si₃N₄), and biocompatible ceramics may be used. In someembodiments, the ceramic is tri-calcium phosphate or biphasic calciumphosphate and silicon ceramics. In some embodiments, the ceramic istricalcium phosphate.

In some embodiments, the ceramics are a combination of a calciumphosphate ceramic and a silicon ceramic. In some embodiments, thecalcium phosphate ceramic is resorbable biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)or resorbable tri-calcium phosphate (TCP), most preferably resorbableTCP.

Biphasic calcium phosphate can have a tricalciumphosphate:hydroxyapatite weight ratio of about 50:50 to about 95:5,about 70:30 to about 95:5, about 80:20 to about 90:10, or about 85:15.The mineral material can be a granular particulate having an averageparticle diameter between about 0.2 and 5.0 mm, between about 0.4 and3.0 mm, or between about 0.4 and 2.0 mm.

The ceramics of the disclosure may also be oxide ceramics such asalumina (Al₂O₃) or zirconia (ZrO₂) or composite combinations of oxidesand non-oxides such as silicon nitride).

In some embodiments, after the coherent mass of DBM fibers is formed, abinding agent may be added to it before implantation. However, in someembodiments, the coherent mass of DBM fibers does not contain a bindingagent and is stays together without the use of a binding agent. Examplesof suitable binding agents that optionally can be included after thecoherent mass is formed include, but are not limited to: (i) Polyhydroxycompound, for example, such classes of compounds as the acyclicpolyhydric alcohols, non-reducing sugars, sugar alcohols, sugar acids,monosaccarides, disaccharides, water-soluble or water dispersibleoligosaccarides, polysaccarides and known derivatives of the foregoing.Specific polyhydroxy compounds include, 1,2-propanediol, glycerol,1,4,-butylene glycol trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, erythritol,pentaerythritol, ethylene glycols, diethylene glycol, triethyleneglycol, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol;polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymer, for example, of the typeknown and commercially available under the trade names Pluronic andEmkalyx; polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, for example,of the type known and commercially available under the trade namePoloxamer; alkylphenolhydroxypolyoxyethylene, for example, of the typeknown and commercially available under the trade name Triton,polyoxyalkylene glycols such as the polyethylene glycols, xylitol,sorbitol, mannitol, dulcitol, arabinose, xylose, ribose, adonitol,arabitol, inositol, fructose, galactose, glucose, mannose, sorbose,sucrose, maltose, lactose, maltitol, lactitol, stachyose, maltopentaose,cyclomaltohexaose, carrageenan, agar, dextran, alginic acid, guar gum,gum tragacanth, locust bean gum, gum arabic, xanthan gum, amylose,mixtures of any of the foregoing.

The carrier or binding agent may further comprise a hydrogel such ashyaluronic acid, dextran, pluronic block copolymers of polyethyleneoxide and polypropylene, and others. Suitable polyhodroxy compoundsinclude such classes of compounds as acyclic polyhydric alcohols,non-reducing sugars, sugar alcohols, sugar acids, monosaccharides,disaccharides, water-soluble or water dispersible oligosaccharides,polysaccharides and known derivatives of the foregoing. An examplecarrier comprises glyceryl monolaurate dissolved in glycerol or a 4:1 to1:4 weight mixture of glycerol and propylene glycol. Settable materialsmay be used, and they may set up either in situ, or prior toimplantation. Optionally, xenogeneic bone powder carriers also may betreated with proteases such as trypsin. Xenogeneic carriers may betreated with one or more fibril modifying agents to increase theintraparticle intrusion volume (porosity) and surface area. Usefulagents include solvents such as dichloromethane, trichloroacetic acid,acetonitrile and acids such as trifluoroacetic acid and hydrogenfluoride. The choice of carrier may depend on the desiredcharacteristics of the composition. In some embodiments, a lubricant,such as water, glycerol, or polyethylene glycol may be added.

In some embodiments, the composition containing the fibers may alsocontain other beneficial substances including for example preservatives,cosolvents, suspending agents, viscosity enhancing agents, ionicstrength and osmolality adjusters and/or other excipients. Suitablebuffering agents can also be used an include but are not limited toalkaline earth metal carbonates, phosphates, bicarbonates, citrates,borates, acetates, succinates, or others. Illustrative-specificbuffering agents include for instance sodium phosphate, sodium citrate,sodium borate, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, andsodium tromethanine (TRIS).

In some embodiments, the cohesive mass of bone fibers may be mixed witha porogen material which is later removed during manufacturing toenhance porosity of the dried cohesive mass. Suitable porogen materialsmay be made of any biocompatible, biodegradable substance that can beformed into a particle and that is capable of at least substantiallyretaining its shape during the manufacturing of the implant, but islater removed or degrades or dissolves when placed in contact with anaqueous solution, or other liquid. The porogens, in some embodiments,may be inorganic or organic, for example, they may be made from gelatin,an organic polymer (e.g., polyvinyl alcohol), polyurethanes,polyorthoesters, PLA, PGA, and PLGA copolymers, a saccharide, a calciumsalt, sodium chloride, calcium phosphate or mixtures thereof. Porogenparticles may be about 100 to about 500 microns.

In one embodiment, all porogen particles of a given morphology can haveat least one average axial, transverse, or lateral dimension that isabout 100 to about 500 microns. In some embodiments, all porogenparticles used can independently have at least one axial, transverse, orlateral dimension that is about 100 to about 500 microns. In someembodiments, all porogen particles used can collectively have at leastone average axial, transverse, or lateral dimension that is about 100 toabout 500 microns. In some embodiments, at least one dimension of theporogen particles can be about 100 microns or more, or about 120 micronsor more, or about 140 microns or more. In some embodiments, at least onedimension of the porogen particles can be about 500 microns or less,about 425 microns or less, about 350 microns or less, about 300 micronsor less, or about 250 microns or less. In some embodiments, the porogenparticles can have at least one dimension that is about 120 to about 400microns.

In some embodiments the cohesive mass of fibers could contain single ormultiple concentrations of size controlled fibers to affect theconsistency of the cohesive mass and affect the handling of the massafter hydration.

In some instances fibers maybe mixed with particles in the cohesive massto affect the consistency of the cohesive mass and affect the handlingof the mass after hydration.

In some instances multiple cohesive masses might be packaged together toimprove hydration and/or handling of the cohesive masses prior to andafter hydration.

In some instances the cohesive masses may be hydrated with a polar ornon-polar solutions and/or salt solutions prior to drying to enhancelater rehydration of the mass.

One of more biologically active ingredients may be added to theresulting composition (e.g., lyophilized bone fibers). These activeingredients may or may not be related to the bone repair capabilities ofthe composition. Suitable active ingredients hemostatic agents, bonemorphogenic proteins (BMPs), genes, growth differentiation factors(GDFs), or other non-collagenic proteins such as TGF-β, PDGF,ostropontin, osteonectin, cytokines, and the like.

In one embodiment, the composition may include at least one BMPs, whichare a class of proteins thought to have osteoinductive orgrowth-promoting activities on endogenous bone tissue, or function aspro-collagen precursors. Known members of the BMP family include, butare not limited to, BMP-1, BMP-2, BMP-3, BMP-4, BMP-5, BMP-6, BMP-7,BMP-8, BMP-9, BMP-10, BMP-11, BMP-12, BMP-13, BMP-15, BMP-16, BMP-17,BMP-18 as well as polynucleotides or polypeptides thereof, as well asmature polypeptides or polynucleotides encoding the same.

BMPs utilized as osteoinductive agents comprise one or more of BMP-1;BMP-2; BMP-3; BMP-4; BMP-5; BMP-6; BMP-7; BMP-8; BMP-9; BMP-10; BMP-11;BMP-12; BMP-13; BMP-15; BMP-16; BMP-17; or BMP-18; as well as anycombination of one or more of these BMPs, including full length BMPs orfragments thereof, or combinations thereof, either as polypeptides orpolynucleotides encoding the polypeptide fragments of all of the recitedBMPs. The isolated BMP osteoinductive agents may be administered aspolynucleotides, polypeptides, full length protein or combinationsthereof.

In another embodiment, the particles may include one or more GrowthDifferentiation Factors (“GDFs”) disposed in the compartment or disposedon or in the coherent mass. Known GDFs include, but are not limited to,GDF-1, GDF-2, GDF-3, GDF-7, GDF-10, GDF-11, and GDF-15. For example,GDFs useful as isolated osteoinductive agents include, but are notlimited to, the following GDFs: GDF-1 polynucleotides or polypeptidescorresponding to GenBank Accession Numbers M62302, AAA58501, andAAB94786, as well as mature GDF-1 polypeptides or polynucleotidesencoding the same. GDF-2 polynucleotides or polypeptides correspondingto GenBank Accession Numbers BC069643, BC074921, Q9UK05, AAH69643, orAAH74921, as well as mature GDF-2 polypeptides or polynucleotidesencoding the same. GDF-3 polynucleotides or polypeptides correspondingto GenBank Accession Numbers AF263538, BC030959, AAF91389, AAQ89234, orQ9NR23, as well as mature GDF-3 polypeptides or polynucleotides encodingthe same. GDF-7 polynucleotides or polypeptides corresponding to GenBankAccession Numbers AB158468, AF522369, AAP97720, or Q7Z4P5, as well asmature GDF-7 polypeptides or polynucleotides encoding the same. GDF-10polynucleotides or polypeptides corresponding to GenBank AccessionNumbers BC028237 or AAH28237, as well as mature GDF-10 polypeptides orpolynucleotides encoding the same.

GDF-11 polynucleotides or polypeptides corresponding to GenBankAccession Numbers AF100907, NP005802 or 095390, as well as mature GDF-11polypeptides or polynucleotides encoding the same. GDF-15polynucleotides or polypeptides corresponding to GenBank AccessionNumbers BC008962, BC000529, AAH00529, or NP004855, as well as matureGDF-15 polypeptides or polynucleotides encoding the same.

In some embodiments, the implantable composition contains otherbioactive agents which can be delivered with materials of thedisclosure. In certain embodiments, the bioactive agent is a drug. Thesebioactive agents may include, for example, antimicrobials, antibiotics,antimyobacterial, antifungals, antivirals, antineoplastic agents,antitumor agents, agents affecting the immune response, blood calciumregulators, agents useful in glucose regulation, anticoagulants,antithrombotics, antihyperlipidemic agents, cardiac drugs, thyromimeticand antithyroid drugs, adrenergics, antihypertensive agents,cholinergic, anticholinergics, antispasmodics, antiulcer agents,skeletal and smooth muscle relaxants, prostaglandins, general inhibitorsof the allergic response, antihistamines, local anesthetics, analgesics,narcotic antagonists, antitussives, sedative-hypnotic agents,anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, anti-anxiety agents, antidepressantagents, anorexigenics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, steroidalanti-inflammatory agents, antioxidants, vaso-active agents, bone-activeagents, osteogenic factors, antiarthritics, and diagnostic agents.

A more complete listing of bioactive agents and specific drugs suitablefor use in the present disclosure may be found in “The Merck Index: AnEncyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals,” Edited by SusanBudavari, et al.; and the United States Pharmacopoeia/National FormularyXXXVII/XXXII, published by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention,Inc., Rockville, Md., 2013, each of which is incorporated herein byreference.

Bioactive agents may also be provided by incorporation into theimplantable composition. Bioactive agents such as those described hereincan be incorporated homogeneously or regionally into the implantmaterial by simple admixture or otherwise. Further, they may beincorporated alone or in conjunction with another carrier form or mediumsuch as microspheres or another microparticulate formulation. Suitabletechniques for forming microparticles are well known in the art, and canbe used to entrain or encapsulate bioactive agents, whereafter themicroparticles can be dispersed within the bone graft composite upon orafter its preparation.

It will be appreciated that the amount of additive used will varydepending upon the type of additive, the specific activity of theparticular additive preparation employed, and the intended use of thecomposition. The desired amount is readily determinable by the user.

Any of a variety of medically and/or surgically useful substances can beincorporated in, or associated with, the allograft bone material eitherbefore, during, or after preparation of the implantable composition.Thus, for example when the non-allograft bone material is used, one ormore of such substances may be introduced into the bone fibers, forexample, by soaking or immersing these bone fibers in a solution ordispersion of the desired substance(s).

In some embodiments, the cohesive mass of fibers can be lyophilized withone or more growth factors (e.g., BMP, GDF, etc.), drugs so that it canbe released from the cohesive mass it in a sustained release manner.

Bone Fiber Shapes

The bone fibers can be obtained from bone that is cortical, cancellousor cortico-cancellous of autogenous, allogeneic, xenogeneic, ortransgenic origin. This bone can be cartridge milled to obtain the bonefibers of the desired size and diameter. Suitable cartridge mills thatcan be used to obtain the fibers of desired size and diameter can beobtained from the cartridge mills described in U.S. patent Ser. No.13/333,279, filed on Dec. 21, 2011 and entitled “OSTEOBIOLOGIC MILLINGMACHINE”, which was published as U.S. Publication No. 20120160945. Thisentire disclosure is herein incorporated by reference into the presentdisclosure, particularly FIG. 2. The milling apparatus described in U.S.Publication No. 20120160945 has a cutter housing and feed chute, arotary cutter, at least partially housed within the cutter housing andin communication with the feed chute, and a feed ram removablypositioned within the feed chute for maintaining a workpiece against therotary cutter. The feed chute and feed ram may be selectivelypositionable at one of several angular positions with respect to therotary cutter. In this manner, the force applied by the feed ram on theworkpiece is a function of the weight of the feed ram and the angularposition of the feed ram with respect to the rotary cutter. These typeof bone milling machines and methods of use result in up to aboutone-hundred percent (about 100%) workpiece utilization. That is, thebone milling machines described in U.S. Publication No. 20120160945 usethe majority of the bone that is placed in the machine and up toone-hundred percent can be used. After milling the bone to the desiredfiber size and shape, the bone fiber obtain can subsequently bedemineralized.

The present disclosure also provides methods for shaping the coherentmass of fibers as shown, in FIGS. 6-13.

FIG. 5 depicts mineralized fibers having increased surface area. Thefibers are milled from bone shafts using any appropriate apparatus, suchas a cartridge mill. The fibers are milled to include curled shapeshaving frayed portions and/or hooked portions to facilitate mechanicalinterlocking of the fibers. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, milling thebone material creates fibers 74 and bone particles 76 separate from thefiber. The shape of the allograft may be tailored to fit the site atwhich it is to be situated. For example, it may be in the shape of amorsel, a plug, a pin, a peg, a cylinder, a block, a wedge, ring, asheet, etc.

In one embodiment, the method comprises placing allograft bone fibersinto a mold prior to demineralization and/or lyophilization. The fibersare then demineralized, sterilized and/or lyophilized to create a shapedcoherent mass of fibers, as shown in FIGS. 6-13. The fibers can beplaced into a mold and then subjected to demineralization and/orlyophilization to make the desired shape or the fibers can bedemineralization and/or lyophilization and then shaped by stamping orpunching the desired shape. The demineralization and lyophilizationsteps alter the shape of the fibers to facilitate entanglement andmechanical interlocking, as discussed herein. Thus, in some embodiments,the fibers are shaped into a coherent mass through being subjected todemineralization and/or lyophilization while in a molded cavity (notshown). The fibers form such a coherent mass without the use of abinding agent or carrier.

In some embodiments, the fibers are placed into molds and shaped to forma coherent mass in a range of predetermined shapes and sizes accordingto the needs of a medical procedure. In some embodiments, the allograftmay be made by injection molding, compression molding, die pressing,slip casting, laser cutting, water-jet machining, sand casting, shellmold casting, lost tissue scaffold casting, plaster-mold casting, vacuumcasting, permanent-mold casting, slush casting, pressure casting, diecasting, centrifugal casting, squeeze casting, rolling, forging,swaging, extrusion, shearing, spinning, or combinations thereof.

The fibers may be molded into a disc shaped cohesive mass 70 having areservoir 72 to facilitate hydration, as shown in FIG. 8. Cohesive mass70 may include a uniform thickness or a variable thickness across itssurface to facilitate packaging and/or hydration. Reservoir 72 comprisesa depressed area on a surface of cohesive mass 70 to hold liquid duringhydration. As shown in FIG. 8, reservoir 72 comprises a circular shape.However, in other embodiments, the reservoir may include variable crosssectional shapes, such as polygonal, oval or irregular.

The fibers may be molded into a conical or plug shape to form a coherentmass 50, as shown in FIG. 9. Coherent mass 50 includes a first endhaving a first diameter and a second end having a second diameter. Insome embodiments, the first diameter is wider than the second diameter.

The fibers may be molded into a cube shape to form a coherent mass 52,as shown in FIG. 10. In other embodiments, the coherent mass may includeother prismatic configurations, similar to coherent mass 52. Forexample, the coherent mass may be rectangular, pyramidal, triangular,pentagonal, or other polygonal or irregular prismatic shapes.

The fibers may be molded into a cylindrical shape to form a coherentmass 56, as shown in FIG. 11. Coherent mass 56 includes a first endhaving a first diameter and a second end having a second diameter. Insome embodiments, the first diameter is the same as the second diameter.

The fibers may be molded into a cylindrical shape to form a coherentmass 56 that has external hydration channels 58, as shown in FIG. 11.Coherent mass 56 includes a first end having a first diameter and asecond end having a second diameter. In some embodiments, the firstdiameter is wider than or the same size as the second diameter.Hydration channels 58 are present on an outer surface of coherent mass56 and are configured to facilitate entrance of a hydrating liquid intocoherent mass 56, as discussed herein. External hydration channels 58include a rounded inner surface formed from drilling or pressing.However, in other embodiments, channels 58 may be slotted and includestraight inner surfaces. The fibers are porous and the liquid can passthrough the coherent mass, however, hydration channels 58 enhance thepassage of fluid.

The fibers may be molded into a cylindrical shape to form a coherentmass 60 that has internal hydration channels 62, as shown in FIG. 12.Coherent mass 60 includes a first end having a first diameter and asecond end having a second diameter. In some embodiments, the firstdiameter is wider than or the same size as the second diameter.Hydration channels 62 extend through at least a portion of coherent mass60 and are configured to facilitate entrance of a hydrating liquid intocoherent mass 60, as discussed herein. Internal hydration channels 62include a rounded inner surface formed from drilling or pressing. Thefibers are porous and the liquid can pass through the coherent mass,however, hydration channels 62 enhance the passage of fluid into theimplant.

The fibers may be molded into a conical or plug shape to form a coherentmass 64 that has external hydration channels 66 and internal hydrationchannels 68, as shown in FIG. 13. Coherent mass 64 includes a first endhaving a first diameter and a second end having a second diameter. Insome embodiments, the first diameter is wider than or the same as thesecond diameter. External hydration channels 66 are present on an outersurface of coherent mass 64, and internal hydration channels 68 extendthrough at least a portion of coherent mass 64. Hydration channels 66,68 are configured to facilitate entrance of a hydrating liquid intocoherent mass 64, as discussed herein. Hydration channels 66, 68 includea rounded inner surface formed from drilling or pressing.

Demineralization

After the bone is obtained from the donor and milled into a fiber, it isprocessed, e.g., cleaned, disinfected, defatted, etc., using methodswell known in the art. The entire bone can then be demineralized or, ifdesired, the bone can just be sectioned before demineralization. Theentire bone or one or more of its sections is then subjected todemineralization in order to reduce the inorganic content to a lowlevel, e.g., to contain less than about 10% by weight, preferably lessthan about 5% by weight and more preferably less than about 1% byweight, residual calcium.

DBM may be prepared in any suitable manner. In one embodiment, the DBMis prepared through the acid extraction of minerals from bone. Itincludes the collagen matrix of the bone together with acid insolubleproteins including bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) and other growthfactors. It can be formulated for use as granules, gels, spongematerial, putty, or paste and can be freeze-dried for storage.Sterilization procedures used to protect from disease transmission mayreduce the activity of beneficial growth factors in the DBM. DBMprovides an initial osteoconductive matrix and exhibits a degree ofosteoinductive potential, inducing the infiltration and differentiationof osteoprogenitor cells from the surrounding tissues. As noted, inembodiments of bone particles taken from cortical long bones, theosteoinductive potential of the bone particles when demineralized mayvary based on the source of the bone particles, whether from theperiosteal layer, the middle layer, or the endosteal layer.

DBM preparations have been used for many years in orthopedic medicine topromote the formation of bone. For example, DBM has found use in therepair of fractures, in the fusion of vertebrae, in joint replacementsurgery, and in treating bone destruction due to underlying disease suchas rheumatoid arthritis. DBM is thought to promote bone formation invivo by osteoconductive and osteoinductive processes. The osteoinductiveeffect of implanted DBM compositions is thought to result from thepresence of active growth factors present on the isolated collagen-basedmatrix. These factors include members of the TGF-β, IGF, and BMP proteinfamilies. Particular examples of osteoinductive factors include TGF-β,IGF-1, IGF-2, BMP-2, BMP-7, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and angiogenicfactors. Other osteoinductive factors such as osteocalcin andosteopontin are also likely to be present in DBM preparations as well.There are also likely to be other unnamed or undiscovered osteoinductivefactors present in DBM.

In one demineralization procedure, the bone is subjected to an aciddemineralization step followed by a defatting/disinfecting step, wherethe coherent mass of bone fiber can be formed. The bone is immersed inacid to effect demineralization. Acids that can be employed in this stepinclude inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid and as well as organicacids such as formic acid, acetic acid, peracetic acid, citric acid,propionic acid, etc. The depth of demineralization into the bone surfacecan be controlled by adjusting the treatment time, temperature of thedemineralizing solution, concentration of the demineralizing solution,and agitation intensity during treatment. Thus, in various embodiments,the DBM may be fully demineralized, partially demineralized, or surfacedemineralized.

The demineralized bone is rinsed with sterile water and/or bufferedsolution(s) to remove residual amounts of acid and thereby raise the pH.A suitable defatting/disinfectant solution is an aqueous solution ofethanol, the ethanol being a good solvent for lipids and the water beinga good hydrophilic carrier to enable the solution to penetrate moredeeply into the bone particles. The aqueous ethanol solution alsodisinfects the bone by killing vegetative microorganisms and viruses.Ordinarily, at least about 10 to 40 percent by weight of water (i.e.,about 60 to 90 weight percent of defatting agent such as alcohol) ispresent in the defatting disinfecting solution to produce optimal lipidremoval and disinfection within a given period of time. A suitableconcentration range of the defatting solution is from about 60 to about85 weight percent alcohol, or about 70 weight percent alcohol.

In some embodiments, the demineralized bone may be further treated toeffect properties of the bone. For example, the DBM may be treated todisrupt the collagen structure of the DBM. Such treatment may comprisecollagenase treatment, heat treatment, mechanical treatment, or other.Reference is made to U.S. Provisional Patent Applications 60/944,408,60/944,417, and 60/957,614, herein incorporated by reference, forfurther treatment options.

Lyophilization

The bone fibers are lyophilized either in a mold for a desired shape orout of a mold, where in can be shaped (e.g., stamped, punched, cut,etc.). For example, the bottle containing bone and conserving agent isinitially frozen to −76° C. with the bone and conserving agent laterbeing subjected to a vacuum of less than 100 militorr while thetemperature is maintained at or below −35° C. The end point of thelyophilization procedure is the determination of residual moisture ofapproximately 5%. Once the bone has been lyophilized, it is stored insealed, vacuum-contained, bottles prior to its reconstitution and use.

In some embodiments, the demineralization and lyophilization steps alterthe shape of the fibers to facilitate entanglement and mechanicalinterlocking. Thus, in some embodiments, the fibers are shaped into acoherent mass through being subjected to demineralization and/orlyophilization while in a molded cavity (not shown). The fibers formsuch a coherent mass without the use of a binding agent or carrier. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 6, the individual fibers 82 form a coherentmass 78 after the demineralization and lyophilization steps. Duringlyophilization of fibers 82, frayed/hooked portions 80 becomeincreasingly tangled with each other to increase mechanical interlockingof the fibers.

To facilitate on-site preparation and/or usage of the compositionherein, the demineralized fibrous bone elements and non-fibrous boneelements, preferably in lyophilized or frozen form, and fluid carrier(the latter containing one or more optional ingredients such as thoseidentified above) can be stored in separate packages or containers understerile conditions and brought together in intimate admixture at themoment of use for immediate application to an osseous defect siteemploying any suitable means such as spatula, forceps, syringe, tampingdevice, and the like. Alternatively, the implant composition can beprepared well in advance and stored under sterile conditions untilrequired for use. When the implant composition is prepared well inadvance it is preferably lyophilized prior to packaging for storage. Insome embodiments, the composition described herein can be combined withautograft bone marrow aspirate, autograft bone, preparations of selectedautograft cells, autograft cells containing genes encoding bonepromoting action prior to being placed in a defect site. In variousembodiments, the implant composition is packaged already mixed and readyfor use in a suitable container, such as for example, syringe,resealable non-toxic bottle, a bag mesh or pouch or is provided as a kitwhich can be prepared at a surgeon's direction when needed.

Hydration

As shown, for example, in FIG. 7, following demineralization and/orlyophilization, the coherent mass is hydrated to turn the moldedcoherent mass into a moldable and malleable putty or paste. In someembodiments, the coherent mass is hydrated with water, saline and/orblood. Once hydrated, the coherent mass is placed into a surgical siteat a location determined by a medical practitioner. The fibers in thecoherent mass maintain their coherency and mechanical interactions suchthat the putty or paste requires no binding agent or carrier when placedin situ. In some embodiments, the fibers of the coherent mass arehydrophobic and internal or external hydration channels facilitatehydration of the coherent mass.

In some embodiments, the coherent mass may be hydrated with PBS or otherphysiologically acceptable fluid, and provided for use in a hydratedform. The coherent mass may be placed at a surgical site directly andsubsequently hydrated, or it can be hydrated to form a wet paste andsubsequently implanted at a surgical site.

A physiologically acceptable liquid, in some embodiments containingwater, may be added to the bone repair composition prior to placementinto the site or defect. Such physiologically acceptable liquids includethose discussed above, including physiological saline or a bloodproduct. Blood products include whole blood and blood fractions such asplatelet rich plasma and platelet poor plasma.

In some embodiments, the bone repair composition is hydrated with aphysiologically acceptable liquid and biocompatible carrier.Non-limiting examples of physiologically acceptable liquids includesaline, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), hyaluronic acid, celluloseethers (such as carboxymethyl cellulose), collagen, gelatin, autoclavedbone powder, osteoconductive carriers, whole blood, blood fractions,bone marrow aspirate, concentrated bone marrow aspirate, and mixturesthereof. Non-limiting examples of blood fractions include serum, plasma,platelet-rich plasma, concentrated platelet-rich plasma, platelet-poorplasma, and concentrated platelet poor plasma. After hydrating, the bonerepair composition becomes a putty or a paste that can be molded into apredetermined shape or administered to a bone defect and manipulated toconform to the bone defect in such a manner that will promote healing.For example, the composition may be hydrated with about 2 ml of salineblood per 2.5 g of combined DBM and periosteal powder.

In some embodiments, the bone material can be hydrated by from about10.0, 10.5, 11.0, 11.5, 12.0, 12.5, 13.0, 13.5, 14.0, 14.5, 15.0, 15.5,16.0, 16.5, 17.0, 17.5, 18.0, 18.5, 19.0, 19.5, 20.0, 20.5, 21.0, 21.5,22.0, 22.5, 23.0, 23.5, 24.0, 24.5, 25.0, 25.5, 26.0, 26.5, 27.0, 27.5,28.0, 28.5, 29.0, 29.5, 30.0, 30.5, 31.0, 31.5, 32.0, 32.5, 33.0, 33.5,34.0, 34.5, 35.0, 35.5, 36.0, 36.5, 37.0, 37.5, 38.0, 38.5, 39.0, 39.5,40.0, 40.5, 41.0, 41.5, 42.0, 42.5, 43.0, 43.5, 44.0, 44.5, 45.0, 45.5,46.0, 46.5, 47.0, 47.5, 48.0, 48.5, 49.0, 49.5, 50.0, 50.5, 51.0, 51.5,52.0, 52.5, 53.0, 53.5, 54.0, 54.5, 55.0, 55.5, 56.0, 56.5, 57.0, 57.5,58.0, 58.5, 59.0, 59.5, 60 to about 99.9% w/v, w/w and/or v/v hydratedwith the fluid to the desired consistency.

Mixing Device

In various embodiments, a device 10 for mixing a bone material with aliquid is provided, as shown in FIGS. 1-4. The device comprises a firstsyringe 12 comprising a first chamber 14 having a proximal end 16 and adistal end 18. The first chamber comprises a syringe barrel. A bonematerial 22 is disposed within the chamber. The bone material comprisesa coherent mass of milled and lyophilized demineralized bone fibers. Thefirst syringe comprises a plunger 20 having at least a portion slidablydisposed within the proximal end of the chamber and configured todispense the bone material when mixed with a liquid from the distal endof the chamber, when the plunger is in an extended position.

Device 10 includes a second syringe 24 comprising a second chamber 26having a proximal end 28 and a distal end 30. The second chambercomprises a syringe barrel. A liquid 34 is disposed within the secondchamber. The liquid is configured to hydrate the coherent mass of milledand lyophilized demineralized bone fibers. In some embodiments, theliquid comprises blood, water, saline or a combination thereof. Thesecond syringe comprises a second plunger 32 having at least a portionslidably disposed within the proximal end of the second chamber.

Device 10 includes a connector 36 fluidly coupling the distal end of thefirst chamber to the distal end of the second chamber via a dispensingchannel 19 and a hydrating channel 21 of the connector 36. Thedispensing channel is coupled to the distal end of the first chamber andthe hydrating channel is coupled to the distal end of the secondchamber.

Movement of the second plunger to an extended position, as shown in FIG.2 causes negative pressure 38 (e.g., a vacuum) to be created in thefirst chamber and the liquid disposed in the second syringe to flow.

The movement of the second plunger to a retracted position, as shown inFIG. 2 forces a gas 40 to move into the second chamber and mix with theliquid. The air and liquid is displaced and pressure is generated in thesecond chamber causing the second plunger to move in the extendedposition to cause the fluid to enter the connector's hydrating channeland dispensing channel, and into the first chamber to replace the spacefrom the vacuum. The liquid is mixed with the lyophilized demineralizedbone fibers using the negative pressure created in the first chamber bythe plunger. The hydration fluid can be 1 mL, 2 mL, 3 mL, 4 mL, 5 mL, 6mL, 7 mL, 8 mL, 9 mL, 10 mL of fluid or greater. This will hydrate thecoherent mass of milled and lyophilized demineralized bone fibers in thefirst chamber because it is porous. In some embodiments, the coherentmass of milled and lyophilized demineralized bone fibers is hydrated inabout 60 seconds. In some embodiments, the coherent mass of milled andlyophilized demineralized bone fibers is hydrated in more than 60seconds. In some embodiments, the coherent mass of milled andlyophilized demineralized bone fibers is hydrated in about 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 minutes.

The first chamber is detachable from the connector to dispense thehydrated coherent mass of milled and lyophilized demineralized bonefibers that is moldable to a surgical site. When the first chamber isdetached, a cap 42 connected to the distal end of the chamber is removedand the hydrated coherent mass of milled and lyophilized demineralizedbone fibers is ejected from the first chamber.

In some embodiments, the coherent mass of milled and lyophilizeddemineralized bone fibers does not contain a binder. In someembodiments, the coherent mass of milled and lyophilized demineralizedbone fibers comprises cartridge milled fibers having a curled portion.In some embodiments, the coherent mass of milled and lyophilizeddemineralized bone fibers comprises autograft or allograft bone. In someembodiments, the bone fibers have a diameter from about 100 μm to about2 mm.

In various embodiments, the bone fibers have a length from about 0.5 mmto about 50 mm. In some embodiments, the bone fibers have an averagelength from about 0.5 cm to about 10 cm.

In some embodiments, the fibers have an aspect ratio of from about 50:1to about 1000:1, from about 50:1 to about 950:1, from about 50:1 toabout 750:1, from about 50:1 to about 500:1, from about 50:1 to about250:1, from about 50:1 to about 100:1, from about 10:1 to about 50:1, orfrom about 5:1 to about 10:1.

In various embodiments, a method of hydrating a bone material with aliquid is provided. The method comprises mixing the liquid with the bonematerial comprising a coherent mass of milled and lyophilizeddemineralized bone fibers in a device. The device comprises a firstchamber having a proximal end and a distal end, and the bone material isdisposed within the first chamber. A first plunger is provided having atleast a portion slidably disposed within the proximal end of the firstchamber. The device comprises a second chamber having a proximal end anda distal end. The liquid is disposed within the second chamber. Theliquid is configured to hydrate the coherent mass of milled andlyophilized demineralized bone fibers. A second plunger is providedhaving at least a portion slidably disposed within the proximal end ofthe second chamber. The device comprises a connector fluidly couplingthe distal end of the first chamber to the distal end of the secondchamber, wherein movement of the second plunger to an extended positioncauses liquid to flow to hydrate the coherent mass of milled andlyophilized demineralized bone fibers in the first chamber.

The first chamber is detached from the connector to dispense thehydrated coherent mass of milled and lyophilized demineralized bonefibers that is moldable.

Referring to FIGS. 14-17, FIG. 14 depicts another embodiment of a mixingdevice for mixing a bone material 122 with a liquid 134. The mixingdevice comprises a first syringe 112 and a second syringe 124. The firstsyringe comprises a bone material comprising a coherent mass of milledand lyophilized demineralized bone fibers. The second syringe 124comprises a liquid 134, such as blood, saline, sterile water, dextrose,or combination thereof or other physiological fluid that can be used tohydrate the bone material to make it the desired consistency (e.g.,moldable putty, paste, gel, etc.). The syringes are connected via aconnector 136. The first and second syringes can engage the connectorvia threading 137, suitable threadings can be in a leur lock fitting,alternatively, there can be a friction or snap-fit fitting so that thesyringes can engage the connector and provide a seal that preventsleakage of fluid. In some embodiments, the threading 137 extendsradially at discrete positions in the interior of the connector and isconfigured to engage reciprocal threading of the first and/or secondsyringe to provide an air tight seal.

In FIG. 14, to hydrate the bone material, sliding the second plunger 117longitudinally in the second chamber 126 of the second syringe 124causes the liquid 134 to enter channel 139 of the connector 136, whichcauses liquid and any gas in the second chamber 126 to enter firstchamber 114 of first syringe 112 through the distal end 118 of firstsyringe to hydrate the bone material. As the second plunger tip 111 ismoved in an extended position and longitudinal closer in distance to theconnector, the liquid and air is expelled from the second syringe intothe channel 139 of the connector and into the first chamber 114 of thefirst syringe 112 to hydrate the bone material. Due to the transfer ofpressure and volume from the liquid and air in the second syringe to thefirst syringe through the connector, the first plunger tip 110 and thefirst plunger 115 is slidably moved longitudinally in a retractedposition, where the first plunger tip 110 is moved a farther distancefrom the connector as the bone material is hydrated. It will beunderstood that the first and second syringes, plunger, plunger tip andconnector can be made of metal or disposable material, such as forexample plastic.

In some embodiments, the device can be monolithic and a single piece. Insome embodiments, the first plunger 115 and second plunger 117 can havehandles to allow easier mixing between the second chamber 126 and thefirst chamber 114. The plungers can be slid longitudinally in theirrespective chambers one or more times to allow mixing and hydration ofthe bone material between first and second chambers so as to provide thedesired hydration of the bone material.

FIG. 15 depicts the mixing device of FIG. 14. Slidable movement of thesecond plunger 117 longitudinally causes second plunger tip 111 to movein an extended position, which is a closer distance longitudinally tothe connector 136, which causes a gas (e.g., air) and liquid to movefrom the bottom of the second chamber 126 of the second syringe 124 tothe top of the chamber and through the connector 136 to the firstsyringe 112 and first chamber 114 to hydrate the coherent mass of milledand lyophilized demineralized bone fibers with liquid 134. For theadditional volume, the plunger 115 and first plunger tip 110 in thefirst chamber 114 will move in a retracted position, farther in distancelongitudinally from the connector 136 and distal end 118, so as to aidin the hydration of the bone material 122 (e.g., lyophilizeddemineralized bone fibers). Shown in FIG. 15 is the second chamber 126of the second syringe 124 empty and substantially free of air andliquid. The second plunger is in an extended position. The liquid (e.g.,blood, saline, dextrose, or other physiological fluid, etc.) is in thefirst syringe and the bone material is being hydrated.

FIG. 16 depicts the mixing device of FIG. 14. The movement of the secondplunger 117 to an extended position, which is a closer distancelongitudinally to the connector 136, causes a gas to move into thesecond chamber 126 and mix with the liquid and cause fluid to enter theconnector 136 and into the first chamber 114 of the first syringe 112.This will hydrate the bone material 134 in the first chamber and form amoldable coherent mass of milled and lyophilized demineralized bonefibers hydrated with liquid 122. In some embodiments, after the secondplunger 117 is moved longitudinally in an extended position closer tothe connector 136, the first plunger 115 can be moved in a retractedposition, which is a farther distance longitudinally from the connector.This can be passive movement based on the pressure exchange or activemovement by the user applying appropriate force to move the first and/orsecond plunger. In some embodiments, after the second plunger is moved,the first plunger can be moved in an extended position, which is acloser distance longitudinally to the connector, causing the mixed bonematerial, gas and liquid to move out of the first chamber through theconnector and into the second chamber and further mix the bone material,liquid and gas to further hydrate the bone material. These steps can berepeated one or more times transferring the bone material, fluid and anyair between first and second syringes and the connector until thedesired hydration of the bone material is achieved. It will beunderstood that the first plunger 115 and/or the second plunger 117 canbe removed from their respective syringes and the material can be addedto the syringe and the plunger slidably inserted into the respectivechamber. Alternatively, each syringe can be filled with the desiredmaterial (e.g., bone material in the first syringe or fluid in thesecond syringe) by sliding the plunger longitudinally away from thesyringe's distal end to draw up the material into the syringe chamber.The syringes can then be attached to the connector by the fitting (e.g.,threading, friction fitting, etc.) for mixing.

FIG. 17 depicts the first syringe 112 of the mixing device of FIG. 14.The first syringe is removed from the connector. The hydrated bonematerial (bone material 122 and liquid 134) is encased in the firstchamber 114 of the first syringe, which is capped by cap 140. Cap 140attached to a distal end 113 of the first syringe 112 is removed and thehydrated bone material is ejected or extruded from the first chamber ofthe first syringe. The hydrated bone material (bone material 122 andliquid 134) becomes a moldable putty or paste that can be injected orimplanted into a surgical site. Threading at the distal tip 113 isreciprocal threading and configured to engage the correspondingthreading 137 of the connector 136 of FIG. 14.

In some embodiments, the second syringe with fluid can be docked to thefirst syringe that contains the bone material (e.g., bone graft materialto be hydrated). Fluid from the second syringe is introduced into thefirst syringe that contains the bone graft material and the bonematerial is hydrated. The second syringe having no more fluid isremoved. The first syringe having the bone material and fluid in it iscapped. The plunger of the first syringe containing the fluid and thebone material is moved multiple times to pressurize the device and forcefluid into graft for the desired hydration. The cap is then removed andthe hydrated bone material is removed.

Referring to FIGS. 18A-18C, FIG. 18A illustrates a perspective view ofan embodiment of a connector 150 that can engage the first and secondsyringe. The connector has openings 152 and 154 that each have adiameter that is the same or less than the diameter of the first andsecond syringe. The connector provides a fluid seal and acts as aconduit between the two syringes. This is ideal for mixing. Theconnector can be plastic or metal or a combination thereof. FIG. 18Billustrates a cross-sectional view of the connector 150 having threading156 and 158 that can engage the first and second syringe. The user takesfirst syringe with corresponding threading and engages threading 156 andtakes second syringe with corresponding threading and engages threading158 by turning the syringe or connector clockwise or counter clockwiseuntil the device is assembled to provide an air-tight seal. Channel 157acts as a conduit for mixing the material between syringes. FIG. 18Cillustrates a side perspective view of the connector having channelsthat can engage the first syringe. The channel 157 can have an extensionmember 160 shown as a cross to create turbulent flow between first andsecond syringes and connector 150 to aid in mixing the components.Alternatively or in addition to the extension member, there can be avalve disposed in the channel to change flow rates between first andsecond syringes and the connector. In some embodiments, the valve can bea flap valve, duck-bill valve or the like and can partially orcompletely occlude the channel of the connector. The valve is responsiveto pressure in the connector and can move in the direction of flow andpressure. Projection 161 can be radially arrayed at discrete regions ofthe outer surface of the connector 150 to allow easier engagement of theconnector by hand or machine.

Referring to FIGS. 19A-19C, FIG. 19A illustrates a perspective view ofan embodiment of the connector 162 that can engage the first and secondsyringe. The connector has openings 166 and 164 that each have adiameter that is the same or less than the diameter of the first andsecond syringe. The connector provides a fluid seal and acts as aconduit between the two syringes. This is ideal for mixing. Theconnector can be plastic or metal or a combination thereof. FIG. 19Billustrates a cross-sectional view of the connector 162 having threading170 and 168 that can engage the first and second syringe. The user takesfirst syringe with corresponding threading and engages threading 170 andtakes second syringe with corresponding threading and engages threading168 by turning the syringe or connector clockwise or counter clockwiseuntil the device is assembled to provide an air-tight seal. Channel 169acts as a conduit for mixing the material between syringes.

In some embodiments, the connector 162 comprises a channel 169 that is asmaller diameter than openings 166 and 164. This smaller diameterprovides an air-tight seal with the syringes and also increases pressurewhen force from the plunger is applied to the syringe due to the liquidand/or bone material entering into a smaller area of the connector, suchdesign aids in mixing the components. The threading 170 and 168 areradially arrayed about the interior of the connector and are configuredto engage reciprocating threading of the syringe. Alternatively, therecan be a friction fitting, such as for example, a snap-fit syringe tip,where the syringe has no threading but can engage the connector andslide therein to provide the air tight seal. It will be understood thatoptimum flow of material is reached when the channel, opening andsyringe chambers are aligned.

FIG. 19C illustrates a side perspective view of the connector having achannel that can engage the first syringe. The channel 169 can have asmaller diameter relative to the diameter of the syringe to create morepressure and a turbulent flow between first and second syringes andconnector 162 to aid in mixing the components. Alternatively or inaddition to the extension member, there can be a valve disposed in thechannel to change flow rates between first and second syringes and theconnector. Projection 166 can be radially arrayed at discrete regions ofthe outer surface of the connector 162 to allow easier engagement of theconnector by hand or machine.

Referring to FIGS. 20A-20C, FIG. 20A illustrates a perspective view ofan embodiment of the connector 171 that can engage the first and secondsyringe. The connector has openings 170 and 172 that each have adiameter that is the same or less than the diameter of the first andsecond syringe. In some embodiments, the connector 171 comprises a twoway valve 174 that allows flow between first and second syringes and thechannel in the connector. The connector provides a fluid seal and actsas a conduit between the two syringes. This is ideal for mixing. Theconnector can be plastic or metal or a combination thereof. In someembodiments, there is a fitting 176 to provide a further seal betweenfirst and second syringe when removably attached to the connector 171.FIG. 20B illustrates a cross-sectional view of the connector 171 havingthreading 180 and 178 that can engage the first and second syringe. Theuser takes first syringe with corresponding threading and engagesthreading 180 and takes second syringe with corresponding threading andengages threading 178 by turning the syringe or connector clockwise orcounter clockwise until the device is assembled to provide an air-tightseal. Channel 184 acts as a conduit for mixing the material betweensyringes. FIG. 20C illustrates a side perspective view of the connector171 having a channel 184 and fitting 176 that can engage the firstsyringe. The channel 184 can have a smaller diameter relative to thediameter of the syringe to create more pressure and a turbulent flowbetween first and second syringes and connector 171 to aid in mixing thecomponents. Alternatively or in addition to the extension member, therecan be a valve 174 disposed in the channel to change flow rates betweenfirst and second syringes and the connector. Projection 186 can beradially arrayed at discrete regions of the outer surface of theconnector 171 to allow easier engagement of the connector by hand ormachine.

In some embodiments, the device comprises one or more index markersdisposed on the first syringe, second syringe, and/or connector tovisually indicate alignment of the syringes with the connector andensure that the chambers and channels are properly aligned for mixing ofthe bone material and to prevent leakage of liquid and bone materialfrom the device.

In some embodiments, once the syringe containing the mixed bone materialand liquid is removed from the connector, a needle can be connected tothe syringe and the mixed bone material can be dispensed.

Methods of Treatment

Illustrative bone repair sites that can be treated with implantablecompositions of the disclosure include, for instance, those resultingfrom injury, defects brought about during the course of surgery,infection, malignancy or developmental malformation. The composite bonegraft compositions can be used in a wide variety of orthopedic,periodontal, neurosurgical and oral and maxillofacial surgicalprocedures including, but not limited to the repair of simple andcompound fractures and non-unions; external and internal fixations;joint reconstructions such as arthrodesis; general arthroplasty; cuparthroplasty of the hip; femoral and humeral head replacement; femoralhead surface replacement and total joint replacement; repairs of thevertebral column including spinal fusion and internal fixation; tumorsurgery, e.g., deficit filing; discectomy; laminectomy; excision ofspinal cord tumors; anterior cervical and thoracic operations; repairsof spinal injuries; scoliosis, lordosis and kyphosis treatments;intermaxillary fixation of fractures; mentoplasty; temporomandibularjoint replacement; alveolar ridge augmentation and reconstruction; inlayosteoimplants; implant placement and revision; sinus lifts; cosmeticenhancement; etc. Specific bones which can be repaired or replaced withthe composite bone graft compositions or an implant comprising thecompositions include, but are not limited to the ethmoid; frontal;nasal; occipital; parietal; temporal; mandible; maxilla; zygomatic;cervical vertebra; thoracic vertebra; lumbar vertebra; sacrum; rib;sternum; clavicle; scapula; humerus; radius; ulna; carpal bones;metacarpal bones; phalanges; ilium; ischium; pubis; femur; tibia;fibula; patella; calcaneus; tarsal and metatarsal bones.

In accordance with certain aspects of the disclosure, the bone graftcompositions of the disclosure can be used as bone void fillers, or canbe incorporated in, on or around a load bearing implants such as spinalimplants, hip implants (e.g. in or around implant stems and/or behindacetabular cups), knee implants (e.g. in or around stems). In someembodiments, the implantable compositions of the disclosure can beincorporated in, on or around a load-bearing spinal implant devicehaving a compressive strength of at least about 10000 N, such as afusion cage, PEEK implants, dowel, or other device potentially having apocket, chamber or other cavity for containing an osteoinductivecomposition, and used in a spinal fusion such as an interbody fusion.One illustrative such use is in conjunction with a load-bearinginterbody spinal spacer to achieve interbody fusion. In theseapplications, the implantable composition can be placed in and/or aroundthe spacer to facilitate the fusion.

Methods for preparing DBM are well known in the art as described, e.g.U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,314,476, 5,507,813, 5,073,373, and 5,405,390, eachincorporated herein by reference. Methods for preparing ceramic powdersof calcium phosphate and/or hydroxyapatite are described, e.g., in U.S.Pat. Nos. 4,202,055 and 4,713,076, each incorporated herein byreference.

In some embodiments, the method comprises obtaining the fibers byshaving, milling, or pressing the sheet or block under asepticconditions. The shape of the fibers can be optimized for inducing newbone formation and handling properties via the network of fibers.

In a still further aspect, the present disclosure provides a method ofaccelerating bone formation at an implantable tissue regenerationscaffold. In a still further aspect, the present disclosure provides amethod of regenerating bone in a patient in need thereof, comprisingimplanting the patient with the implantable composition.

In a still further aspect, the present disclosure provides a method oftreating a bone defect caused by injury, disease, wounds, or surgeryutilizing an implantable composition comprising a combination of fibersof demineralized bone matrix obtained from allograft bone, and fibers ofnon-allograft bone material, the fibers of non-allograft bone materialcomprising non-fibrous demineralized bone particles embedded within ordisposed on the fibers of non-allograft bone material.

Kits

The present application also provides a medical kit for preparing theimplantable compositions or the disclosure for treating a patient, thekit including at least a delivery system comprising a medical implantdevice as described above and a package enclosing the medical implantdevice in a sterile condition. Such kits can include a dried materialcontaining the solid ingredients of the composition along with anaqueous medium or other biocompatible wetting liquid for combinationwith the dried material to form a malleable wetted material, or caninclude the formulated, wetted malleable implant material in a suitablecontainer such as a syringe or vial (e.g. terminally sterilized), and/oranother item such as a load-bearing implant (e.g., a spinal spacer),and/or a transfer device such as a syringe, and/or a therapeuticsubstance, for example an osteogenic substance such as a BMP. In onespecific form, such a medical kit can include a dried material, such asa particulate or dried body, a BMP in lyophilized form (e.g., rhBMP-2),and an aqueous medium for reconstitution of the BMP to prepare anaqueous formulation that can then be added to the dried material in theprocess of preparing the composite bone graft composition of thedisclosure.

In particular, in various embodiments, the device may comprise abioerodible, a bioabsorbable, and/or a biodegradable biopolymer that mayprovide immediate release, or sustained release of the implantablecomposition. Examples of suitable sustained release biopolymers includebut are not limited to poly (alpha-hydroxy acids), poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PG),polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugates of poly (alpha-hydroxy acids),poly(orthoester)s (POE), polyaspirins, polyphosphagenes, collagen,starch, pre-gelatinized starch, hyaluronic acid, chitosans, gelatin,alginates, albumin, fibrin, vitamin E compounds, such as alphatocopheryl acetate, d-alpha tocopheryl succinate, D,L-lactide, orL-lactide, -caprolactone, dextrans, vinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol(PVA), PVA-g-PLGA, PEGT-PBT copolymer (polyactive), PEO-PPO-PAAcopolymers, PLGA-PEO-PLGA, PEG-PLG, PLA-PLGA, poloxamer 407,PEG-PLGA-PEG triblock copolymers, SAIB (sucrose acetate isobutyrate) orcombinations thereof. As persons of ordinary skill are aware, mPEGand/or PEG may be used as a plasticizer for PLGA, but otherpolymers/excipients may be used to achieve the same effect. In variousembodiments, the implantable composition also comprisespoly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide(PGA), D-lactide, D,L-lactide, L-lactide, D,L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone,D,L-lactide-co-glycolide-co-ε-caprolactone, L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactoneor a combination thereof.

The coherent mass may have functional characteristics. Alternatively,other materials having functional characteristics may be incorporatedinto the coherent mass. Functional characteristics may includeradiopacity, bacteriocidity, source for released materials, tackiness,etc. Such characteristics may be imparted substantially throughout thecoherent mass or at only certain positions or portions of the coherentmass.

Suitable radiopaque materials include, for example, ceramics,mineralized bone, ceramics/calcium phosphates/calcium sulfates, metalparticles, fibers, and iodinated polymer. Polymeric materials may beused to form the coherent mass and be made radiopaque by iodinatingthem. Other techniques for incorporating a biocompatible metal or metalsalt into a polymer to increase radiopacity of the polymer may also beused. Suitable bacteriocidal materials may include, for example, tracemetallic elements. In some embodiments, trace metallic elements may alsoencourage bone growth.

Functional material, such as radiopaque markers, may be provided at oneor more locations on the coherent mass or may be provided substantiallythroughout the coherent mass. Thus, for example, in a cylindricalcoherent mass, a radiopaque marker may be provided at a tip of thecylindrical coherent mass. Such marker may facilitate placement of thecoherent mass. Radiopaque materials may be incorporated into thecoherent mass and/or into the substance for delivery by the coherentmass. Further, radiopaque materials may be provided at only somelocations on the coherent mass such that visualization of thoselocations provides indication of the orientation of the coherent mass invivo.

The implantable composition of the disclosure can be used alone, as bonegrafting materials, as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering for repair,augmentation and replacement of bone tissue or as carriers of growthfactors, or carriers of genes.

It should be understood that the forgoing relates to exemplaryembodiments of the disclosure and that modifications may be made withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as set forth inthe following claims.

1. A bone material for hydration with a liquid, the bone materialcomprising a coherent mass of milled and demineralized bone fibers, themilled and demineralized bone fibers physically entangled in thecoherent mass.
 2. A bone material according to claim 1, wherein the bonematerial is lyophilized.
 3. A bone material according to claim 1,wherein the milled and demineralized bone fibers are cartridge milledand have a ribbon-like shape with increased surface area compared todemineralized bone powder.
 4. A bone material of claim 2, wherein thecoherent mass of milled and lyophilized demineralized bone fibers arecartridge milled fibers having a ribbon-like shape, increased surfacearea and a curled portion.
 5. A bone material of claim 2, wherein thecoherent mass of milled and lyophilized demineralized bone fiberscomprise autograft or allograft bone.
 6. A bone material of claim 1,wherein the bone fibers have a diameter from about 100 μm to about 2 mm.7. A bone material of claim 1, wherein the bone fibers have a lengthfrom about 0.5 mm to about 50 mm.
 8. A bone material of claim 1, whereinthe bone fibers have a length from about 0.5 cm to about 10 cm.
 9. Abone material of claim 1, wherein the fibers have an aspect ratio offrom about 50:1 to about 1000:1, from about 50:1 to about 950:1, fromabout 50:1 to about 750:1, from about 50:1 to about 500:1, from about50:1 to about 250:1, from about 50:1 to about 100:1, from about 10:1 toabout 50:1, or from about 5:1 to about 10:1.
 10. A bone material ofclaim 1, wherein the liquid comprises blood, water, saline or acombination thereof.
 11. A bone material of claim 1, wherein the liquidis mixed with the coherent mass of milled and demineralized bone fibersthat are lyophilized without a binder to form moldable lyophilizeddemineralized bone fibers.
 12. A bone material for hydration with aliquid, the bone material comprising a coherent mass of cartridgemilled, lyophilized and demineralized bone fibers, the coherent mass ofmilled, lyophilized and demineralized bone fibers physically entangledin the coherent mass.
 13. A bone material of claim 12, wherein thecoherent mass of cartridge milled and lyophilized demineralized bonefibers have a ribbon-like shape and increased surface area compared todemineralized bone powder.
 14. A bone material of claim 13, wherein thecoherent mass of cartridge milled and lyophilized demineralized bonefibers comprise autograft or allograft bone.
 15. A bone material ofclaim 13, wherein the fibers have an aspect ratio of from about 50:1 toabout 1000:1, from about 50:1 to about 950:1, from about 50:1 to about750:1, from about 50:1 to about 500:1, from about 50:1 to about 250:1,from about 50:1 to about 100:1, from about 10:1 to about 50:1, or fromabout 5:1 to about 10:1.
 16. A bone material of claim 13, wherein theliquid is mixed with the coherent mass of cartridge milled anddemineralized bone fibers that are lyophilized without a binder to formmoldable lyophilized demineralized bone fibers. 17-19. (canceled)
 20. Abone material of claim 1, wherein the coherent mass is in a disc shape.21. A bone material of claim 1, wherein the coherent mass is in a squareshape.
 22. A bone material of claim 1, wherein the coherent mass has nobinder disposed in or on the coherent mass.